Download png. With the support of the Athenians, the Argives succeeded in forging a coalition of democratic states within the Peloponnese, including the powerful states of Mantinea and Elis. Before the Peloponnesian War, the city-states of Greece had worked together to fight off the Persians. Nicias then sent word to Athens asking for reinforcements. Between 410 and 406, Athens won a continuous string of victories, and eventually recovered large portions of its empire. Threatened with starvation, the Athenian fleet had no choice but to follow. Athens was "to have the same friends and enemies" as Sparta. Ed. Democracy in Athens was briefly overthrown in 411 BCE as a result of its poor handling of the Peloponnesian War. And when peole are entering upon a war they do things the wrong way round. Sparta became the dominant city state for a while but lost the authority as leagues and alliances sprouted up around them. Lysander was one of Agesilaus’s biggest supporters, and was even a mentor. Nicias and Demosthenes marched their remaining forces inland in search of friendly allies. More battles ensued and again, the Syracusans and their allies defeated the Athenians. Action comes first, and it is only when they have already suffered that they begin to think.” How right he was! The Lacedaemonians, with their neighbors the Tegeans, faced the combined armies of Argos, Athens, Mantinea, and Arcadia. Alarmed, Corcyra sought an alliance with Athens, which after debate and input from both Corcyra and Corinth, decided to swear a defensive alliance with Corcyra. They only managed a respite from the violence with the ‘Thirty Years Peace’ treaty in the winter of 446/5 BC. Because Lysander appointed from within the ruling classes of these governments, the men were more loyal to Lysander than Sparta, making these Aegean outposts similar to a private empire. Lysander, the Spartan admiral who commanded the Spartan fleet at Aegospotami in 405 BCE, helped to organize the Thirty Tyrants as Athens’ government for the 13 months they maintained power. A. Clashing religious and cultural. [35], The overall effect of the war in Greece proper was to replace the Athenian Empire with a Spartan empire. 1. With winter approaching, the Athenians were then forced to withdraw into their quarters, and they spent the winter gathering allies and preparing to destroy Syracuse. The Athenian force consisted of over 100 ships and some 5,000 infantry and light-armored troops. The Greek city-states eventually attempted to broker peace, but Theban diplomat Epaminondas angered Agesilaus by arguing for the freedom of non-Spartan citizens within Laconia. This war, while greater than previous skirmishes, was not entirely anomalous. Athens army refused to face Sparta. The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens was completely devastated, and never regained its pre-war prosperity. For the earlier war beginning in 460 BC, see, For the book by the Greek historian Thucydides, see, Achaemenid support for Sparta (414–404 BC). At the end of the first year of the war, Pericles gave his famous Funeral Oration (431 BC). According to Thucydides, the Spartans acted in this way out of fear that the Athenians would switch sides and support the helots; the offended Athenians repudiated their alliance with Sparta. The Spartans summoned forces from all of their allies, including Athens, to help them suppress the revolt. By the middle of the century, the Persians had been driven from the Aegean and forced to cede control of a vast range of territories to Athens. Athenian manpower was correspondingly drastically reduced and even foreign mercenaries refused to hire themselves out to a city riddled with plague. On the level of international relations, Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war's beginning, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection, while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece. Causes of the Peloponnesian War Athens and Sparta formed . One of these posts was near Pylos on a tiny island called Sphacteria, where the course of the first war turned in Athens's favour. Sparta became the leading power of Greece. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponneseand attempt to suppress signs of unrest in its empire. "He then assigned to Lysander all the tribute which came in from his cities and belonged to him personally, and gave him also the balance he had on hand; and, after reminding Lysander how good a friend he was both to the Lacedaemonian state and to him personally, he set out on the journey to his father." The Peloponnesian War lasted three decades and had a major influence on the trajectory of ancient Greek history and culture. Lysander, the Spartan admiral who commanded the Spartan fleet at Aegospotami in 405 BCE, helped to organize the Thirty Tyrants as a government for the 13 months they maintained power. [36], A symbolic peace treaty was signed by the mayors of Athens and Sparta 2,400 years after the war ended, on March 12, 1996. However, rarely did the two sides fight each other alone. ", LibriVox: The History of the Peloponnesian War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peloponnesian_War&oldid=996620383, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 December 2020, at 18:25. Instead of attacking at once, Nicias procrastinated and the campaigning season of 415 BC ended with Syracuse scarcely damaged. Lysander and Spartan king Agis were in agreement with Corinth and Thebes that Athens should be totally destroyed in the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War, but they were opposed by a more moderate faction, headed by Pausanias. Despite their victory, these failures caused outrage in Athens and led to a controversial trial. The Spartans. Pericles died unexpectedly. The destruction of Athens's fleet in the Battle of Aegospotami effectively ended the war, and Athens surrendered in the following year. The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily; they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians. This list of men was constantly being revised, and selection was most likely a reflection of loyalty to the regime, with the majority of Athenians not supporting the Thirty Tyrants’ rule. The Syracusan cavalry rode them down mercilessly, eventually killing or enslaving all who were left of the mighty Athenian fleet. The Peloponnesian War changed Greece in every way. What then ensued was a period, referred to as the Pentecontaetia (the name given by Thucydides), in which Athens increasingly became in fact an empire,[8] carrying out an aggressive war against Persia and increasingly dominating other city-states. Their opposition led to the reinstitution of a democratic government in Athens within two years. Citizens reacted against Athens’ defeat, blaming democratic politicians, such as Cleon and Cleophon. SURVEY . Athens was then victorious at the naval battle of Arginusae. The plague wiped out over 30,000 citizens, sailors and soldiers, including Pericles and his sons. Although the conflict lasted for 28 years, and caused huge economic, political, and societal problems for both Athens and Sparta as well… [20], At the request of the Corinthians, the Spartans summoned members of the Peloponnesian League to Sparta in 432 BC, especially those who had grievances with Athens to make their complaints to the Spartan assembly. Agesilaus II was one of two Spartan kings during the period of Spartan hegemony, and is remembered for his multiple campaigns in the eastern Aegean and Persian territories. Cavalry was limited to about 30 horses, which proved to be no match for the large and highly trained Syracusan cavalry. Athens stretched their military activities into Boeotia and Aetolia, quelled the Mytilenean revolt and began fortifying posts around the Peloponnese. The result was a complete victory for the Spartans, which rescued their city from the brink of strategic defeat. Fearing that he would be unjustly condemned, Alcibiades defected to Sparta and Nicias was placed in charge of the mission. The Peloponnesian War was an internal conflict that saw the more powerful of the Greek states rise up against one another to become a full blown conflict. These men were permitted to carry weapons, entitled to jury trial, and allowed to reside with the city limits. The longest Spartan invasion, in 430 BC, lasted just forty days. "Lysander,", Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Kirshner, Jonathan. Which was an outcome of the Peloponnesian War? Which option accurately describes the role of trade during the Age of Discovery? The Athenians crushed the revolt, and peace was maintained. [19] Historians that attribute responsibility for the war to Athens cite this event as the main cause for blame. History. Under Gylippus, the Syracusans and their allies were able to decisively defeat the Athenians on land; and Gylippus encouraged the Syracusans to build a navy, which was able to defeat the Athenian fleet when they attempted to withdraw. Lysander also managed to require Athens to recall its exiles, causing political instability within the city-state, of which Lysander took advantage to establish the oligarchy that came to be known as the Thirty Tyrants. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese and attempt to suppress signs of unrest in its empire. However, it marked the demise of Athenian naval and political hegemony throughout the Mediterranean. The Corcyra never joined the Athenian League or the Spartans, w… As prominent historian J. The Peloponnesian War is firstly a historical account of what happened in the war between the Peloponnesian League and the Delian League. Through cunning strategy, Lysander totally defeated the Athenian fleet, in 405 BC, at the Battle of Aegospotami, destroying 168 ships and capturing some three or four thousand Athenian sailors. For a short period of time, Athens was ruled by the "Thirty Tyrants", and democracy was suspended. Following the defeat of the Athenians in Sicily, it was widely believed that the end of the Athenian Empire was at hand. Peloponnesian war definition, a war between Athens and Sparta, 431–404 b.c., that resulted in the transfer of hegemony in Greece from Athens to Sparta. Seizing its opportunity, the Spartan fleet sailed at once to the Dardanelles, the source of Athens's grain. As a result of the Peloponnesian War, Sparta, which had primarily been a continental culture, became a naval power. Join now. However, the Athenian warships participated in the battle nevertheless, and the arrival of additional Athenian triremes was enough to dissuade the Corinthians from exploiting their victory, thus sparing much of the routed Corcyrean and Athenian fleet.[17]. When Cyrus was recalled to Susa by his dying father Darius, he gave Lysander the revenues from all of his cities of Asia Minor. Indeed, the nearly fifty years of Greek history that preceded the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War had been marked by the development of Athens as a major power in the Mediterranean world. The Peloponnesian War was not fought by individual Greek states but by two great coalitions, the Peloponnesian League and the Athenian Empire. The fleet appointed Alcibiades their leader, and continued the war in Athens's name. Thucydides explains the next contributing factors for the cause of the Peloponnesian War was the dispute over the Corcyraeans. Wars don't have roles. "[7] Indeed, the nearly fifty years of Greek history that preceded the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War had been marked by the development of Athens as a major power in the Mediterranean world. 5 points trintrin227 Asked 10.01.2018. [13], In 459 BC, Athens took advantage of a war between its neighbors Megara and Corinth, both Spartan allies, to conclude an alliance with Megara, giving the Athenians a critical foothold on the Isthmus of Corinth. The Athenians were thoroughly defeated. The Thebans, Argives, Corinthians, and Athenians had rebelled during the Corinthian War from 395-386 BCE, and the Persians aided the Thebans, Corinthians, and Athenians against the Spartans. The helots made the Spartan system possible, but now the post off Pylos began attracting helot runaways. Because Lysander was also directly involved in the selection of the Thirty, these men were loyal to him over Sparta, causing King Agis and King Pausanias to agree to the abolishment of his Aegean decarchies, and eventually the restoration of democracy in Athens, which quickly curbed Lysander’s political influence. Only twelve Athenian ships escaped, and several of these sailed to Cyprus, carrying the strategos (general) Conon, who was anxious not to face the judgment of the Assembly. The Peloponnesian War ended in victory for Sparta and its allies, and led directly to the rising naval power of Sparta. After additional setbacks, Nicias seemed to agree to a retreat until a bad omen, in the form of a lunar eclipse, delayed any withdrawal. Despite all this, not all Athenian men had their rights removed. See more. The war was fought between the Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) and the Athenian league (led by Athens). In order to uphold the Thirty Years' Peace, however, the Athenians were instructed not to intervene in the battle unless it was clear that Corinth was going to press onward to invade Corcyra. The Athenians captured 300 Spartan hoplites. Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece before the war started, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection. In fact, 3,000 such men were chosen by the Thirty to share in the government of Athens. Sparta's powerful ally Corinth was notably opposed to intervention, and the congress voted against war with Athens. Alcibiades was not re-elected general by the Athenians and he exiled himself from the city. Upon arriving, he raised up a force from several Sicilian cities, and went to the relief of Syracuse. Demosthenes, however, outmanoeuvred the Spartans in the Battle of Pylos in 425 BC and trapped a group of Spartan soldiers on Sphacteria as he waited for them to surrender. 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